Multiple phase I clinical studies using single antigens like MUC1 peptide vaccine in preventing lung cancer in current and former smokers (NCT03300817), EGF-based vaccine on the prevention of lung cancer development in high-risk patients, or recurrence in patients with stage IB to IIIA NSCLC (NCT04298606), alpha-lactalbumin (aLA) based vaccine in patients with early stage triple negative breast cancers (TNBC) (NCT04674306) are currently ongoing (appendix 2). Here, LALBA is linked to lung cancer.