Abnormalities in these PTMs can result in male infertility by disrupting the beating of sperm flagella.[10] Furthermore, the interplay between the phosphorylation and ubiquitination of histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6), a key regulator of ciliary disassembly, has been linked to retinopathy of prematurity through its role in maintaining the integrity of the photoreceptor cilium.[11] In this review, we discuss the current understanding of PTMs in the regulation of ciliary structure and function and delve into the intricate connections between PTM abnormalities and human diseases. The gene discussed is HDAC6; the disease is male infertility.