AIF1 and memory impairment: Others have found increased levels of the proinflammatory cytokines interferon gamma (IFNγ) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) at 4 h and at 24 h post-blast with concomitant behavioral and pathological abnormalities in rodents, showing memory impairment in a novel object recognition test and increased density of Iba-1 + activated microglia in brain regions at 2 weeks post-exposure (61).