NLRP3 and brain injury: A single high-dose treatment with hMSC-derived exosomes has been shown to inhibit the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome following traumatic brain injury, as indicated by reduced levels of NLRP3, CARD-containing osteogenic-associated speck-like protein, activated caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18 in the injured brain (275).