TNF and neoplasm: It is reported that the activation of the TNF-α signaling pathway in TME, induced by a PD-1 antibody, reduces the tumor infiltrating CD8 T cells and the immune response, while blockers of TNF-α or TNFR1 (TNF-α receptor) revert this situation, decreasing CD8 T cells exhaustion and death and synergizing with anti-PD-1 (72, 73).