PA has beneficial effects on MASLD through various mechanisms, including the activation of uncoupling protein-1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ), adipocytokines, and branched-chain amino acids, which collectively reduce insulin resistance, promote lipolysis, and exert anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects (Hughes et al., 2021; Babu et al., 2022; Thorp and Stine, 2020; Su et al., 2023). This evidence concerns the gene PPARG and Insulin resistance.