IRS1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Additionally, Zhu et al. (2021) reported that Rg5 improves liver injury and hepatocyte apoptosis via the insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1)/phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) pathway, alleviates hepatic oxidative stress and inflammation, and promotes mitochondrial biosynthesis in T2DM.