In the presence of OPMDs, MΦ may predominantly exhibit an anti-tumorigenic phenotype, aimed at counteracting MT, this could be consistent with an increasing M2 prevalence positively correlated with the grade of OED, while in earlier stages M1 have been reported to be present (35); CD163+ macrophages in oral leukoplakia co-express active STAT1 and suggest that the CD163+ macrophages possess an M1 phenotype in a Th1-dominated microenvironment. Here, CD163 is linked to Oral leukoplakia.