TLR7 and viral infectious disease: The R848-activated T cells analyzed via ELISPOT (Figure 3) and the viral suppression of supernatants from R848-activated cells in the CPE assay (Figure 4) support the notion that TLR7/8 activation of monocytes after ssRNA virus infection could occur in the elderly and result in the release of inflammatory cytokines that subsequently activate bystander Th1 memory cells to release IFN-γ.