The activation of NF-κB is essential for the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α (Tumor necrosis factor alpha), IL-1 (Interleukin-1), and IL-6, as well as chemokines and adhesion molecules such as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), which regulate immune cell recruitment to sites of infection [17]. Here, VCAM1 is linked to infection.