ADIPOQ and nutritional deficiency disease: Analyzing data from Yoshihisa et al.’s study [29] confirms the association between heart failure and malnutrition, which was closely associated with elevated C-reactive protein levels, tumor necrosis factor-α, adiponectin, B-type natriuretic peptide, and troponin I. Furthermore, both the Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI) and the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI) outperformed the CONUT score in predicting mortality risk in this population [29].