TNF and status epilepticus: Oral administration of levetiracetam (180 and 360 mg/kg for 1–7 days) prevented upregulation of expression of pro-inflammatory molecules and related receptors, such as IL-1β, TNFα, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), IL-1R1 and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), in the hippocampus in post-status epilepticus mice [42].