INS and glaucoma: Preclinical studies suggest IF may also protect against glaucoma through reduction in retinal ganglion cell apoptosis [166], mediated through multiple mechanisms: (1) improved insulin sensitivity, (2) reduced circulating glucose and lipids, (3) suppression of proinflammatory mediators, and (4) enhanced autophagic flux—collectively preserving retinal microvascular integrity and Müller cell function in diabetic models [167].