NFKB1 and mastitis: These findings are consistent with previous studies where berberine and carvacrol reduced the phosphorylation levels of p65 and IκBα, thereby inhibiting NF-κB pathway activation in LPS-induced mouse mastitis and suppressed MAPK pathway activation by reducing ERK and JNK gene expression, ultimately mitigating tissue damage, oxidative stress, and the inflammatory response [27,32,33,34,35].