CXCL1 and lung carcinoma: In breast and lung cancer models, TNF-α has been shown to modulate a chronic inflammatory circuit (TNF-α → CXCL1/2 → MDSC recruitment → S100A8) that disrupts the TME and facilitates chemoresistance and metastasis; interruption at any point in this cascade may markedly reduce tumors’ aggressiveness [33,58].