ESR1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Among these, ESR1 is implicated in hormone-dependent tumorigenesis [34]; EGFR is a well-characterized driver gene and therapeutic target in NSCLC [35]; NQO1 plays an essential role in maintaining redox homeostasis and modulating oxidative stress in lung tissues [36]; and CASP3, as a central executioner caspase, is crucial for the initiation of apoptosis and is involved in tumor suppression [37].