XDH and atherosclerosis: Additionally, naringenin inhibits metal chelation and pro-oxidant enzymes such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), oxidase (NOX), xanthine oxidase (XDH), lipoxygenase (LOX), and cyclooxygenase (COX), providing cellular protection against oxidative stress, which is a key factor in the pathogenesis of diseases such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, and cancer.