TNF and infection: Through the activation of several signaling pathways, TNF-α induces the expression of some chemokines (like CXCL10 and CCL2), adhesion molecules (such as ICAM-1 and VCAM-1), and pro-inflammatory mediators (such as prostaglandins and NO), thus enhancing vascular permeability and promoting immune cell extravasation to sites of infection or tissue injury [95,96,97].