PPARA and liver cancer: For example, long-term administration of WY-14643, an agonist for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), or phenobarbital, which indirectly activates the nuclear receptor constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) through phosphorylation/dephosphorylation signaling [10], leads to hepatocyte hypertrophy, hepatocyte proliferation, and subsequently, liver cancer in rodents [11,12,13,14,15].