VDR and type 1 diabetes mellitus: In the pancreas of affected patients, there is an inflammatory infiltrate composed of T-cells, B-cells, and macrophages; 1,25(OH)2D promotes macrophage differentiation, which is essential in animal models of T1DM for the activation of anti-inflammatory phenotype (M1→M2) via the VDR-PPARgamma signaling pathway; it also reduces effector T-cell numbers and promotes the induction of T-reg cells [185,186,187].