TNF and Insulin resistance: In obesity, a diagnostic criterion for MAFLD, there is an increase in lipid accumulation and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by adipocytes and macrophages, such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), TNF-α, and interleukins, as well as an increase in the release of C-reactive protein (CRP), which contributes to insulin resistance through various mechanisms.