Independent studies on pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas, renal cell carcinomas, colorectal cancer cells, and breast cancer cells exhibited mutations to the ARID1A gene which caused an increase in mesenchymal markers N-Cadherin, TGF-ß, and vimentin as well as a decrease in epithelial markers E-cadherin and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) [45,51,52,53]. This evidence concerns the gene VIM and breast cancer.