PREP and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Building on this background, we applied a similar integrative approach—combining molecular, cellular, and functional analyses to examine the expression and localization of several MAPs, such as MARK4, MAP1A, DYNLL1, PREP, and RSPH6A, in a rat model of T1D, all of which are involved in cytoskeletal regulation during spermatogenesis and sperm motility.