THNSL2 and nephronophthisis: Figure 1 illustrates the results of the genome-wide association analysis for metabolites across the eight superpathways. Among the 18 GIMs, lipids were the most abundant, accounting for a total of 748 corresponding mQTLs (Supplementary Table S1). The top three most strongly associated mQTLs were all linked to feruloylquinic acid, with rs34250376 (THNSL2) and rs183554692 (INVS) playing a crucial role in visceral fat and nephronophthisis, respectively [17,18]. The mQTL with the most significant p-value, rs12337544, is located in the non-coding region.