In our RA and SLE patients, we observed significant increases in several cytokines, including GM-CSF, CX3CL1, IFN-α2, IL-12p70, IL-17A, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IFN-γ in both diseases, while MCP-1 and IL-10 were exclusive to SLE, and IL-2 was specific to RA [32]. Here, CSF2 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.