AVP and heart failure: We conducted a comprehensive search using PubMed with advanced search strategies of relevant keywords such as “AVP”, “arginine vasopressin”, “copeptin”, “hydration”, “hypohydration”, “water intake”, “hypophysitis”, “diabetes insipidus” and “AVP deficiency” in combination with “metabolic regulation”, “metabolic outcomes”, “glucose metabolism disorders”, “glucose regulation”, “lipid metabolism”, “steatosis” “cardiovascular diseases”, “cardiovascular outcomes”, “hypertension”, “heart failure” and “myocardial infarction”.