AVP and diabetes mellitus: Wannamethee et al. examined 3226 older males without baseline diabetes from the British Regional Heart Study and showed a significant positive association of copeptin levels with renal dysfunction, insulin resistance, a cluster of cardiometabolic risk factors (waist circumference, hypertension, abdominal obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia), inflammation (c-reactive protein) and endothelial dysfunction (von Willebrand factor, tissue plasminogen) [27].