TNF and pelvic inflammatory disease: Protein serum quantification using ELISA for PID, PCOS, and UI. TGFβ1 and TNFα were selected for validation due to their key roles in inflammation, immune response, and tissue remodeling, processes central to PID, PCOS, and UI; the results are shown in Figure 4A. The analysis showed decreased levels of TGFβ1 in patients with PCOS and PID but no alteration in the UI group versus a group of study participants with male factor infertility.