HMOX1 and macular degeneration: This review explores the multifaceted roles of Nrf2 and its target heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), emphasizing their cytoprotective, anti-aging, and stress-protective effects. Disturbances in HO-1 levels are linked to age-related disorders like neurodegeneration, cancer, and macular degeneration, suggesting a conserved function across species.