TGFB1 and neoplasm: For example, in prostate cancer cells, upregulation of nuclear cap-binding protein 2 (NCBP2) can enhance the expression of immunosuppressive factors (such as TGF-β and IL-10) or induce the production of chemokines (such as CCL22 and CCL2), which is closely associated with a decrease in CD8+ T cells and an increase in Treg cells and neutrophils at the tumor site, thereby creating an immunosuppressive microenvironment [48].