INSR and breast cancer: One of the key MOAs of these compounds was modulating the critical signaling pathways (e.g., PI3K/AKT/mTOR, EGFR, and FGFR1) and receptor tyrosine kinases (e.g., c-Src, PI3Ks, EGFR, PDGF, KIT, INSR), all of which are crucial in BC tumorigenesis, proliferation, and metastasis.