TNF and tuberculosis: Among currently approved TNF inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies such as infliximab and adalimumab are associated with a higher risk of tuberculosis reactivation due to their ability to block both soluble and membrane-bound TNF; whereas etanercept, a soluble receptor fusion protein, demonstrates a comparatively lower risk, likely owing to its more limited impact on membrane-bound TNF signaling [267,268,269].