TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: In obesity, macrophages infiltrating adipose tissue form corona-like structures surrounding adipocytes, leading to the overproduction of adipokines, which comprise pro-inflammatory mediators, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) [9].