RBP4 and medical procedure: Simultaneous analysis of urinary biomarkers, including vitamin-D-binding protein (VDBP), retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), and tumor necrosis factor receptor-2 (TNFR-2), using Luminex liquid suspension chip technology has demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy, reflecting distinct kidney damage mechanisms [28].