IGF1 and neoplasm: Studies have reported that, in various tumor cell lines, including those derived from breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, gastric cancer, colon cancer, and liver cancer, the silencing or downregulation of Klotho has been shown to facilitate the phosphorylation of insulin and IGF-1 receptors, thereby affecting downstream signaling, activating the IGF-1 pathway, and promoting tumor cell proliferation while inhibiting differentiation [51].