→ Reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-1β) [25] → Lowers oxidative stress markers (e.g., MDA, 8-OHdG) [110] → Restores mitochondrial function [92] → Decreases glial cell activation and neuroinflammation [92] → Improves pain behaviors in diabetic neuropathy and nerve injury models [111]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and diabetic neuropathy.