A study in human patients with HCM found significantly elevated IGF-1 concentrations in individuals with hypertrophic non-obstructive cardiomyopathy (HNCM) and hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM), whereas IGF-1 levels were lower in patients with HCM complicated by CHF compared to healthy controls [32]. Here, IGF1 is linked to congestive heart failure.