Furthermore, immunofluorescence staining with a few known classical protein markers for AMD, such as antioxidant markers (catalase and SOD2), mitochondrial function-related proteins (complex 1, TFAM, and AMPK), and a stress-signaling apoptosis protein (p38), was performed to validate the oxidative stress mechanism (Figure 5). The gene discussed is TFAM; the disease is age-related macular degeneration.