TDP-43 overexpression in the hypothalamus led to widespread TDP-43 immunoreactivity throughout the hypothalamus across all groups, including in the paraventricular nucleus and the lateral hypothalamic area, which contain hypocretin- and oxytocin-expressing neurons that are significantly affected in postmortem ALS cases (Fig. 1a) [28]. This evidence concerns the gene TARDBP and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.