PYY and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Additionally, other studies have reported that individuals with type 2 diabetes and/or obesity exhibit lower fasting AG concentrations than lean individuals [9, 10] along with a blunted elevation of postprandial anorexigenic hormone concentrations including peptide YY (PYY) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) [11–13].