Furthermore, the subjects in the fourth (highest) DKK-1 quartile group had the highest risk of CKD (OR = 4.188; 95% CI: 1.564, 11.212; p = 0.004), followed by those in the third quartile (OR = 3.580, 95% CI: 1.307; 9.801; p = 0.013), and then by those in the first (lowest) DKK-1 quartile group (Table 4). Here, DKK1 is linked to chronic kidney disease.