DKK1 and stage 5 chronic kidney disease: Discrepantly, Hsu et al. [22] reported that serum DKK-1 levels were significantly greater in patients with an eGFR < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 than in healthy controls, and that serum DKK-1 levels were predictive of the onset of end-stage renal disease in patients with CKD during an eight-year follow-up.