Furthermore, MSC transplantation has been shown to significantly attenuate the increase in cardiac expression of collagen types I and III, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1), and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) in infarcted rat hearts [133], as well as decrease fibrosis in rat models of dilated cardiomyopathy by reducing the expression of metalloproteinases 2 and 9 [134]. This evidence concerns the gene TIMP1 and dilated cardiomyopathy.