TNF and colitis: In a mouse model of colitis using dextran sodium sulfate (DSS), a chemical colitogen with anticoagulant properties, to induce disease, 28-day oral administration of fucoidan derived from Scytosiphon lomentaria (100 and 300 mg/kg/day) inhibited the NF-κB/MAPK pathways, reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α, and increased anti-inflammatory IL-10 production [38].