TNF and colitis: For example, iNOS-knockout mice exhibited enhanced resistance to MPTP-induced neurotoxicity relative to their WT littermates [49], and adalimumab-mediated TNF-α blockade suppressed gastrointestinal and central nervous system inflammation, attenuated nigrostriatal degeneration, and rescued motor deficits in LRRK2 mutant (G2019S) mice with colitis [41].