PTEN and cancer: Cancer cells can prevent PD-L1 autophagic degradation by transcriptional change of oncogenic pathways such as Myelocytomatosis oncogene (MYC), anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), HIF1α, NF-κB, Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)/PI3K, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) [144,148].