MDM2 and cancer: As a main regulator of p53 function, the MDM2-p53 interaction is an attractive target for therapeutic drug development.8,35,44,45 The MDM2-p53 pathway has been extensively characterized, and it is recognized as the most altered pathway in a wide variety of cancers, including BTC.40,46 The incidence of MDM2 amplification in some forms of BTC is relatively high: 11%-14% in GBC and 18% in ampullary cancer.