Activation of the HIF-1α/H -1 pathway is evident as hippocampal neurons in epileptic animal models and epilepsy patients’ brain tissues show marked HIF-1α and HO-1 upregulation, positively correlating with ferroptosis markers like lipid peroxides, ACSL4 increase, and GPX4 inactivation (Liang Z. et al., 2023). Here, GPX4 is linked to epilepsy.