TNF and diabetes mellitus: GO analysis revealed that most of the differential genes were positively related to angiogenesis, cell proliferation, protein kinase activity, and cytokine activity (Fig. 5D), while KEGG pathway analysis of differentially expressed genes indicated that differentially expressed gene (DEG) was involved in a variety of signaling pathways, such as advanced glycation end-products–receptor for advanced glycation end-products (AGE-RAGE) signaling pathway (diabetes related), TNF signaling pathway, and TGF-β signaling pathway (Fig. 5E).