IL6 and osteochondritis dissecans: Zhang et al. [109] indicated that under anesthesia and surgical induction conditions, the number of presynaptic markers and postsynaptic density (excitatory postsynaptic markers) decreases, which in turn causes an elevation in IL-6 levels in the blood and olfactory epithelium of mice, leading to a reduction in the number of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), resulting in OD and cognitive impairment.