MUC1 and breast carcinoma: This is exemplified in Figure1A with the synthesis of Ce4+‐modified carbon dots (Ce4+‐C‐dots) functionalized with the anti‐nucleolin receptor AS1411 aptamer or the anti‐MUC‐1 receptor aptamer.[99] The AS1411 aptamer ‐modified Ce4+‐C‐dots or the MUC‐1 aptamer modified Ce4+‐C‐dots targets the nucleolin or MUC‐1 receptor associated with MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cells, thereby confining the ROS generating efficacies for the localized chemodynamic therapeutic treatment of MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cells or MDA‐MB‐231 tumors elicited in xenograft mice, Figure 1B, Panel I and Panel II.