Experiments have demonstrated that GNPDA1 promotes proliferation, migration, invasion, and inhibits apoptosis of HCC cells.[11] Additionally, studies on colorectal cancer cells treated with caffeic acid phenyl ester have shown that GNPDA1 expression is upregulated along with glutathione peroxidase 1, while proteasome subunit alpha 1 and phosphoribosyl aminotransferase 1 are downregulated. Here, GNPDA1 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.